Reprogramming of mouse and human somatic cells into highly proliferative iPSCs was first achieved by nuclear transfer of combinations of transcription factors, including Oct3/4, SOX2, c-Myc, and Klf4 or Oct4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28 into dermal fibroblasts. iPSCs possess ESC properties, with similar cardiac potential, while circumventing ethical objections against embryonic harvesting and bypassing the problem of immune rejection. Various techniques have now been developed to generate iPSC–CMs.



