Most of the diseases for which clinical benefit from MSCs has been reported are diseases for which there are currently no specific treatments with desirable outcomes.

In the field of cardiology, promising results have been achieved; diseases such as dilated cardiomyopathy and ischemic or non-ischemic heart failure have seen clinical and pathophysiological improvements. MSCs delivered either locally (intramyocardial, intracoronary, and transendocardial) or intravenously, and with an autologous or allogeneic bone marrow source, MSCs have led to improvements in cardiac function, functional capacity, and quality of life.

Other therapeutic possibilities explored for MSCs are cartilage lesions and osteoarthritis, especially in the knee. Currently, the treatment of this type of disease only includes palliative treatment to reduce discomfort or alternative surgical treatment with risks that usually outweigh the benefits in the age group of patients with these diseases. Two therapeutic strategies have been published with good results based on the use of MSCs: intra-articular injection of autologous or allogeneic bone marrow MSCs and replacement of the cartilage defect with fibrin glue with cartilage and allogeneic bone marrow. Both approaches indicate clinical improvement in pain, stiffness and function. The completion of the CT scans underway is expected to confirm the usefulness of MSCs in diseases that have already proven their potential, in addition to providing similar results in other diseases due to the lack of effective treatments for these diseases. It will also be important to explore the use of other MSC sources to access their functions and effectiveness in vivo.